Freud saw self and society in basic conflict not in harmony He named this self as _______?
A. Antisocial self
B. Generalized other
C. looking glass self
D. None of these
The part which is the complex of social ideals and values which one has internalized, and which form the conscience is ____?
A. id
B. Superego
C. ego
D. None of these
Erik Erikson a German scholar trained in Freudian psychoanalysis presented a theory of life-cycle socialization through ?
A. five stages
B. Seven stages
C. Eight stages
D. None of these
Which sociologist distinguished between significant others and generalized others ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. W.I. Thomas
Which of the following can be classified as a charismatic leader ?
A. Joan of Arc
B. Malcolm X
C. Adolf Hitler
D. all of the above
Weber said that the spirit of capitalism could be traced back to ____?
A. the movement towards religious pluralism
B. inspirational Protestant groups who revived religious ideas
C. new religious movements who rejected traditional forms of labor
D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to gain signs of salvation
The tourist gaze is socially organized by professional experts and puts the tourist in search of ______?
A. the familiar
B. the exotic
C. the historic
D. the amusing
The internet rearranges our experience of space-time by making it possible to ______?
A. communicate instantly with people far away
B. experience what its like to be a different gender
C. interact in an unreal and alienated way
D. communicate without non-verbal cues
Charismatic leaders build a following based upon which of the following ?
A. traditional authority
B. rational argument
C. personal qualities
D. collective wealth
The creative potential of personality is accounted for by _____?
A. Stimulus-response psychology
B. Drive psychology
C. Trait psychology
D. None of these
Which of the following did Max Weber see as a potentially serious problem with the advance of modern bureaucracies ?
A. bureaucratic organization could become prohibitively expensive to run
B. social organization could become too efficient
C. democracy could become a sham if bureaucrats held real power
D. bureaucratic officials may be able to abuse their power
In the late eighteenth century what was Jeremy Bentham,s Panopticon ?
A. an army barracks
B. a prison
C. an asylum
D. a school
Which of the following is not one of Perlmutter,s (1972) types of transnational corporations ?
A. polycentric
B. ethnocentric
C. heliocentric
D. geocentric
Which of these aspects of organization is most associated with the work of Michel Foucault ?
A. surveillance
B. meritocracy
C. bureaucracy
D. transnational organization
The four principles of McDonaldization are ________?
A. efficiency calculability affordability consistent decor
B. efficiency calculability uniformity automation
C. efficiency dehumanization automation high calories
D. efficiency Big Mac large fries’ milkshake
Meyer and Rowan,s assertion that roman rules are often myths means ?
A. that the rules were written down a long time in the past
B. that the rules never in fact existed in the first place
C. that the rules have little actual substance in reality
D. that rules are a hindrance in large organization
The emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership is most compatible with which ideal-type of capitalism ?
A. family capitalism
B. managerial capitalism
C. welfare capitalism
D. institutional capitalism
Which of the following was the earliest example of an international organization ?
A. the Pan-Arab League
B. the Hanseatic League
C. the Football League
D. the League of Nations
The form of transnational organization where overseas subsidiaries are managed by local firms in each country is called ?
A. polycentric
B. egocentric
C. geocentric
D. ethnocentric
The adage that its not what you know its who you know emphasizes the importance of connections This is most relevant the concept of ________?
A. de-differentiation
B. network economy
C. political corruption
D. social capital
Close friends who have known each other since childhood would be an example of a(n) ?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. out-group
D. formal organization
The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups are stressed by ?
A. functionalists
B. conflict theorists
C. interactionists
D. classical theorists
Which of the following statements about small groups is correct ?
A. All small groups are primary groups
B. All small groups are secondary groups
C. Many small groups differ from primary groups in that they do not necessarily offer the intimate personal relationships of primary groups
D. both b and c
Which pioneer of sociology first directed researchers to the significance of bureaucratic structure ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. Ferdinand Tonnies
Which of the following have expressed particular concern about the longevity of union leaders who are not always responsive to the needs and demands of membership ?
A. functionalists
B. conflict theorists
C. interactionists
D. classical theorists
When workers organized unions and forced management to recognize that they were not objects theorists of formal organizations began to revise the ______?
A. classical theory
B. scientific management approach
C. human relations approach
D. both A and B
Who thought that within organizations there exists an iron law of oligarchy ?
A. Max Weber
B. Zygmunt Bauman
C. Michel Foucault
D. Robert Michel’s
The number of intonational non-governmental from less than 200 at the start of the twentieth century to how many in 2006 ?
A. 5,164
B. 8,898
C. 51,509
D. 123,305
Which concept has the work of Robert Putnam helped to popularize in the social sciences ?
A. cultural capital
B. economic capital
C. social capital
D. symbolic capital
De Gournay coined the phrase an illness of bureau mania to describe ?
A. the chaos of informal organizations
B. the compulsion to work in offices
C. the developing power of officials
D. politicians abuse of power and influence
Which one of these would not be regarded as a dysfunction of bureaucracy according to Merton ?
A. the rules could be upheld at all cost even in the face of a better solution
B. people know they should be guaranteed fair and consistent treatment
C. adherence to the rules takes precedence over organizational goals
D. workers are not encouraged to be flexible in making decisions
Who is most closely associated with the view that the equal and impartial treatment of each case is a strength of bureaucracies ?
A. Michel Foucault
B. Paul Gay
C. Zygmunt Bauman
D. Robert Michels
The iron law of oligarchy refers to ____?
A. regimes that use repression against their population
B. the exclusion of women from the highest levels of politics
C. the tendency for power inevitably to flow towards top
D. the legal system of the former communist countries
Which of these is a feature of the Japanese style of management arrangements ?
A. merging of work and private lives
B. job security
C. group-oriented production
D. all of the above
Which of these is not a feature of an ideal type bureaucracy according to Weber ?
A. a clear-cut hierarchy of authority
B. co-ownership among all workers of the material resource with which they operate
C. fixed salaries associated with each role
D. written rules governing conduct
__________ groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation ?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. out-groups
D. formal organizations
The purpose of a reference group is to serve a(n) ?
A. normative function by enforcing standards of conduct and belief
B. comparison function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and other
C. elimination function by dissolving groups that no longer have a social purpose
D. both a and b
In larger groups each person has ?
A. less time to speak
B. more points of view to absorb
C. a more elaborate structure within which to function
D. all of the above
The president of the United States need not be a good typist a surgeon need not be able to fill a cavity This is because of the bureaucratic characteristic of ___?
A. division of labor
B. impersonality
C. employment based on technical qualifications
D. written rules and regulations
Which of the following is not a term for work that takes place outside the formal paid employment sector ?
A. the casual economy
B. the parallel economy
C. the black economy
D. the informal economy
How do industrial sociologists characterize Fordism and Taylorism ?
A. high risk systems
B. high trust systems
C. low trust systems
D. low risk systems
There are some important gender inequalities in paid employment and the chapter identifies three of these Which one of the following is not one of the three ?
A. the division of household labor
B. occupational segregation
C. the wage gap in favor of men
D. women’s concentration in part-time jobs
The term informal economy is used to describe ?
A. work where no money changes hands
B. the activities of small businesses
C. transactions outside the sphere of regular employment
D. organizations with less rigid rules and procedures
Which of these types of industrial conflict is the odd one out
A. sabotage
B. strike
C. overtime ban
D. work to rule (working only ones contracted hours noting more or less)
Which one of these statements is NOT a definition of the knowledge economy ?
A. much of the workforce in now involved in physical production of goods
B. the economy is dominated by the constant flow of information and opinions
C. this is a phase of development beyond industrialism
D. investment in public education and software development is more significant
Which one of the following is an economic system that is typically found in contemporary societies ?
A. socialism
B. feudalism
C. slavery
D. all of these
Socialist theory was defined in the writings of Karl Marx and ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Adam Smith
C. Friedrich Engels
D. the Marx Brothers
Which of the following can be classified as a charismatic leader ?
A. Joan of Arc
B. Malcolm X
C. Adolf Hitler
D. all of the above
While predictions are not always reliable sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce increasingly composed of ?
A. women
B. racial minorities
C. ethnic minorities
D. all of the above
By the year 2020 it is projected that less than 2 percent of the entire global labor force will be engaged in ?
A. farming
B. service jobs
C. factory work
D. high-tech jobs
What is the concept used by Karl Marx to explain workers loss of control over their labor power in capitalist societies ?
A. anomie
B. pauperization
C. de-skilling
D. alienation
In the developed countries more people are employed in the service sector than manufacturing with a tiny percentage working in agriculture Globally which sector now employs the fewest people ?
A. services
B. industrial manufacture
C. agriculture
D. none of the above
Which statement below most accurately describes the global unemployment rate ?
A. the unemployment rate has decreased significantly since the 1970s
B. the unemployment rate remains historically low
C. the unemployment rate remains historically high
D. the unemployment rate in not known
Occupational gender segregation is used to explain ?
A. the belief that women control the private sphere
B. women increasing labor market participation
C. the allocation of men and women to different types of job
D. relations between men and women in the workplace
Which of these key early figures in sociology had an interest in issues of labor and the economy ?
A. Karl Marx
B. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim
C. Karl Marx and Max Weber
D. All three of them
Two basic types of economic systems distinguish contemporary industrial societies ?
A. capitalism and communism
B. capitalism and socialism
C. socialism and communism
D. capitalism and dictatorships
The principle of laissez-faire was expounded and endorsed by the British economist ?
A. John Maynard Keynes
B. Adam Smith
C. Paul Samuelson
D. Arthur Scargill
Which sociological perspective points out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy of the United States competition is much more restricted than one might expect in what is called a free enterprise system ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labeling theory
There are three basic sources of power within any political system ?
A. force influence and authority
B. force influence and democracy
C. force legitimacy and charisma
D. influence charisma and bureaucracy
The systematic widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants are called ?
A. deindustrialization
B. downsizing
C. post industrialization
D. “banana time”
Pakistan with a population of 160 million stands as the _______ largest population country?
A. Fifth
B. Sixth
C. Seventh
D. None of these
Urbanization is a ______ process ?
A. Straight lined
B. Cyclical
C. Social
D. None of these
Urbanization Causes many Social problems as ____?
A. Inflation
B. Poverty
C. Unemployment
D. All of the above
In comparison with industrial cities preindustrial cities had ?
A. relatively open class systems
B. extensive social mobility
C. a much more rigid division of labor by gender
D. all of the above
The trend toward urbanization is most advanced in ?
A. America
B. England
C. Japan
D. None of these
The ecological approach to urban sociology involved studying ?
A. how social groups colonized different areas of the city and competed for resources
B. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could be found on the edges of the city
C. the way in which people organized collective protests about environmental issues
D. how men and women used the city’s public spaces differently
Cultural restructuring has involved ?
A. regenerating cities in economic decline
B. turning industrial landscapes into tourist attractions
C. selling sites and images through the symbolic economy of media advertising
D. all of the above
According to Castells Which of the following is a world city ?
A. Frankfurt
B. Madrid
C. Buenos Aires
D. Moscow
Urban recycling is shorthand for _______?
A. encouraging existing residents to move out of an area
B. introducing local environmental strategies to an area
C. the refurbishment or replacement of old buildings and land
D. providing incentives for urban dwellers to use public transport
North America and Europe have less than 12% of the world’s population but their share of the worlds private consumption is approximately ?
A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 60%
In past Pakistanis population had relatively ________ growth rate?
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. None of these
The current level of urbanization 32% in Pakistan is in SAARC Countries ?
A. Lowest
B. Normal
C. Highest
D. None of these
Urbanization in preindustrial cities was restricted by _____?
A. reliance on animal power as a source of energy
B. the high levels of surplus produced by the agricultural sector
C. the ease of migration to the city
D. all of the above
The decentralized city can be identified by _____?
A. the shift of employment and services away from the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller towns and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above
Who described urbanism as a way of life ?
A. Park
B. Hawley
C. Wirth
D. Burgess
According to Sassan which of these is NOT a necessary trait of a global city ?
A. they are centers of direction and policy-making for the global economy
B. they are visited by large numbers of tourists from across the world
C. they are the key locations for financial and specialized service firms
D. they are markets for the exchange of the products of financial service
Supporters of sustainable development are arguing for _____?
A. more resources to be directed towards economic growth
B. more resources to be put into Third World development
C. growth that minimizes resource depletion and pollution
D. fewer resources to be directed towards economic growth
The decentralized city can be identified by _____?
A. the shift of employment and services away from the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller towns and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above
Social and economic change in Pakistan has been so enormous that it can be termed as Revolutionary The process of change began with ____?
A. Green Revolution
B. Migration after Independence
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
Read More: General Knowledge MCQs on all Topics.