Important sociology mcqs with answers for social sciences test preparation online.
Important Sociology MCQs
Which of the following was not a common feature of ancient cities ?
A. walled boundaries
B. relatively small populations
C. a strong influence over external
D. geographically small in size
The theorist who associated city life with the development of a blase attitude was _______?
A. Tonnies
B. Simmel
C. Weber
D. Wirth
The term collective consumption (Castells 1977) refers to ____?
A. the privatization of public services by the Conservative government
B. the lifestyle practice of shopping in peer groups
C. the form of tuberculosis suffered by those who collect stamps
D. the provision of health housing and education services by the state
Which regions of the world currently have the highest and lowest proportions respectively of population living in cities ?
A. Highest Asia Lowest Africa
B. Highest Europe Lowest Oceania
C. Highest North America Lowest Africa
D. Highest Europe Lowest Africa
Wirth (1938) said that social relationships in the urban way of life were segmental because ____?
A. they were confined to particular areas of the city
B. people knew each other only through specific situational roles and not as whole rounded individuals
C. there were distinctive patterns of activity for each social class
D. they were based on face to face interaction with close friends and family
Urbanization occurred in the nineteenth century because ______?
A. commuters started moving out of villages and into cities
B. towns and cities were becoming increasingly planned and managed
C. industrial capitalism led to a shift of population from rural to urban areas
D. transport systems were not provided so it was easier to live in the city
The decentralized city can be identified by _______?
A. the shift of employment and service away from the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller towns and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above
Which of these statements is correct ?
A. causes and correlations are essentially the same
B. correlations always lead to causal explanations
C. causation cannot be inferred directly from correlation
D. correlations are one-way causal relationships
Sociological perspective means ____ ?
A. Understanding human behavior in broader context of society
B. Understanding human behavior in narrower context of society
C. Both ‘a & b’
D. None of these
Social Location is the group membership that people have because of their ___ ?
A. Status in society
B. Location in history and society
C. Location in a town
D. None of these
What is urban recycling ?
A. renovating inner-city buildings for occupation by the middle classes
B. a new domestic waste reduction strategy for inner-city areas
C. councils buying up cheap housing to turn into commercial developments
D. refurbishing old buildings and finding new uses for previously used land
The concept of collective consumption is most closely associated with ______?
A. Hervey
B. Molotch
C. Castells
D. Saunders
Who described urbanism as a way of life _______?
A. Park
B. Hawley
C. Wirth
D. Burgess
Which of these is not a reason why the rate of urban growth is larger in developing countries ?
A. living in closely connected settlements is a social feature common in developing countries
B. fertility rates are generally higher in developing countries including among city dwellers
C. greater job opportunities encourage large-scale internal migration from rural areas to cities
D. reverse migration (from cities back to rural communities) can be harder in developing societies once a livelihood in a rural community is lost
Which of the following is not identified by Fulcher & Scott as a criterion of community ?
A. a shared sense of identity and belonging together
B. common activities involving all -round relationships
C. a fixed geographical location
D. collective action based on common interests
The ecological approach to urban sociology involved studying ?
A. how social groups colonized different areas of the city and competed for resources
B. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could be found on the edges of the city
C. the way in which people organized collective protests about environmental issues
D. how men and women used the city’s public spaces differently
Which of the following is not identified as a new form of community ?
A. ethnic communities based on shard identity and experiences of discrimination
B. gay villages which are formed in certain parts of large cities
C. sociological communities formed by unpopular lectures
D. virtual communities that exist only in cyberspace
Cultural restructuring has involved ______?
A. regenerating cities in economic decline
B. turning industrial landscapes into tourist attractions
C. selling sites and images through the symbolic economy of media advertising
D. all of the above
In Which year did the urban areas of the world become more populous than rural areas ?
A. 1950
B. 1975
C. 1999
D. 2007
What is gentrification ?
A. the movement of the middle classes into suburban areas
B. a policy aimed at renovating inner-city council housing stock
C. building shopping centers in cities to create employment
D. renovation of run-down city neighborhoods to attract high income groups
Judiciary has also played a part in destabilizing political structure of country by _____?
A. remaining silent
B. Approving unconstitutional intervention
C. discapproving military actions
D. None of these
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan is Fighting for ______?
A. Organizational development
B. Human rights
C. Social integrity
D. None of these
The newest factor in the development equation is _____?
A. Media
B. NGOs
C. Civil Society
D. None of these
The first stage that existed in Pre-British era was when civil society existed in the form of ____?
A. NGOs
B. Baradaris
C. Rural Notables
D. Both b and c
Post-modernist writers have argued that ______?
A. we live in a world of superficial fragmented images
B. no theory is better than any other anything goes
C. society has changed, and we need new kinds of theory
D. all of the above
Th market model of state welfare is based on the principle of _____?
A. individuals buying welfare privately with some means-tested benefits
B. regular benefit payments to men as earners of the family wage
C. a universalist system of welfare for all regardless of income
D. recommodifying social welfare through state provision
The terms crisis of the 1970s is used to refer to _____?
A. declining profits and rising unemployment
B. the eradication of the welfare state
C. rising divorce rates and the decline of the traditional family
D. an unfortunate twist in fashion sensibility
Who wrote The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903) ?
A. Louise Wirth
B. Robert Park
C. Georg Simmel
D. Max Weber
Which city is forecast to become the largest megacity by 2025 ?
A. New York
B. Mumbai
C. Beijing
D. Tokyo
Why does Mike Davis (1990) describe Los Angeles as a city of quartz ?
A. it has more millionaires than any other city
B. it has been hardened against the poor
C. it has been hardened against than any other US city
D. it has a policy of promoting opportunity for all
The root cause of destabilized political structure in Pakistan is _____?
A. Military interventions
B. Feudal system
C. Industrialists
D. None of these
The number of registered NGOs in Pakistanis _____?
A. 8000 and above
B. below 5000
C. 10,000 to 12.000
D. None of these
The media has started playing is vibrant role more vigorously after the ____?
A. Launching of private news channels
B. Masharruf Regime
C. Globalization phenomenon
D. None of these
Civil society in Pakistan has gone through ___?
A. Two stages
B. Three stages
C. Four stage
D. None of these
British rule restricted the autonomy of Baradaris and in turn gave _____?
A. Corporate structures
B. Formal institutions
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
Weber (1919) said that the states monopoly of the use of force was legitimated by ____?
A. charismatic authority
B. rational -legal authority
C. traditional authority
D. value-rational authority
Which of the following did the pst-war welfare state of 1948 not aim to provide ?
A. free health care and education for all
B. a minimum wage
C. full employment
D. universal welfare
The distribution of power in society is a concern for ____?
A. microsociology
B. interactionism
C. macrosociology
D. ethnomethodology
Which of these distinguishes modern nation-states from traditional civilizations ?
A. a national identity with an associated set of symbols and beliefs
B. governmental authority over a clearly demarcated territory
C. the granting of citizenship rights to the relevant population
D. all of the above
In Pakistan civil society is in developmental stages and ye has little influence in the _____?
A. Social issues
B. Political affairs
C. Policy making
D. None of these
New urbanism was a movement started in 1980s decreasing dependency on _____?
A. each other
B. Vehicular transportation
C. State
D. None of these
The world urbanization rate is rising highly It was 49% in 2005 and is likely to be 60% till _____?
A. 2015
B. 2020
C. 2030
D. None 0f these
According to Herbert Gans residents who remain in the city to take advantage of the unique cultural and intellectual benefits of the city are called ____?
A. cosmopolites
B. ethnic villagers
C. urban villagers
D. the trapped
According to Gerald Suttles a gated community would be an example of a(n) _____?
A. edge city
B. defended neighborhood
C. urban enclave
D. ethnic village
According to Riley Dunlap which one of the following is not a basic function that the natural environment serves for humans ?
A. the environment provides the resources essential for life
B. the environment serves as a waste depository
C. the environment provides a natural setting for social inequalities
D. the environment “houses our species
Which of the following is predicted to be a major influence on cities during the next 50 years ?
A. Pollution
B. The internet
C. Urban renewal
D. Deindustrialization
Which of the following is not identified by Fulcher & Scott as a criterion of community ?
A. a shared sense of identity and belonging together
B. common activities involving all-round relationships
C. a fixed geographical location
D. collective action based on common interests
The adage that it’s not what you know it,s who you know emphasizes the importance of connections This is most relevant to the concept of ____?
A. De-differentiation
B. Network economy
C. Political corruption
D. Social capital
As a consequence of rural-urban migration ____?
A. More and more urbanization is taking place successfully
B. ruralisation of urban areas is taking place
C. Ruralisation of urban areas and ribbon growth seem to be the result
D. None of these
Civil society includes ____?
A. Voluntary civic and social organizations
B. State institutions
C. Masses
D. None of these
The most dramatic population trend in the United States throughout the twentieth century has been _____?
A. urbanization
B. suburbanization
C. the move to the sunbelt
D. the move to the “old homestead” in rural areas
What proportion of employment in nonurban counties in the United States is accounted for by agriculture ?
A. 9 per cent
B. 22 per cent
C. 41 per cent
D. 63 per cent
Wirth (1938) said that social relationships in the urban way of life were segmental because ____?
A. they were confined to particular areas of the city
B. people knew each other only through specific situational roles and not as whole rounded individuals
C. there were distinctive patterns of activity of each social class
D. they were based on face to face interaction with close friends and family
What is defined as the cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others ?
A. racism
B. ethnicity
C. identity
D. stereotyping
Human and animal societies share all but one of the following characteristics ?
A. population and common territory
B. shared beliefs and collective destiny
C. Both sexes and all ages
D. None of theses
Tonnies divided the social structure into Gemeinschaft and Gesellschafts The tighter and cohesive social entity was the salient feature of ____?
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschafts
C. Both of them
D. None of these
The collective value of all social networks (who people know) and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other (the norms of reciprocity) is called ____ ??
A. Social cohesion
B. Social Capital
C. Social bond
D. None of these
Division of labor social class formal government institutions and system of trade and commerce all are peculiar to any ______?
A. Urban Community
B. Rural Community
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
A group of people with the same or related occupations is usually termed as ____?
A. Professional community
B. Workplace community
C. Secondary group
D. None of these
Agriculture cannot absorb the population concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown areas when the residential area shifts outward this is called ____?
A. Other occupations
B. Urbanization
C. Development
D. None of these
White-collar crime is low in visibility because ______?
A. it involves only small amounts of money
B. the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoise
C. the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime
D. it goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions
A social group of organisms sharing an environment normally with shared interests is a ___?
A. Colony
B. Society
C. Community
D. None of these
Individual learns socialization _____?
A. in infancy
B. in childhood
C. throughout the life
D. None of these
communities can be categorized terms of _____?
A. Geography
B. Culture
C. Organizations
D. All of above
Homogeneity farming and subsistent economy are salient features of _____?
A. Urban Community
B. Rural community
C. None of these
D. All of these
communities can be categorized terms of ______?
A. Geography
B. Culture
C. Organizations
D. All of above
Individual learns socialization ______?
A. in infancy
B. in childhood
C. throughout the life
D. None of these
communities can be categorized terms of _____?
A. Geography
B. Culture
C. Organizations
D. All of above
Homogeneity farming and subsistent economy are salient features of _____?
A. Urban Community
B. Rural community
C. None of these
D. All of these
In western world urbanization has accompanied _____?
A. Trade
B. Progress
C. Industrialization
D. None of these
The traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown areas when the residential area shifts outward this is called _____?
A. Suburbanization
B. Network city
C. Postmodern city
D. All of the above
Urbanism is the study of _______?
A. Cities
B. human communities’ rural areas
C. Transition
D. None of these
Louis Wirth argued that a relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior which he called ______?
A. squatting
B. linear development
C. urbanism
D. gentrification
Herbert Gans called urban residents who prefer to live in their own tight-knit communities ___?
A. communities
B. ethnic villagers
C. the trapped
D. gentrofiles
Which of the following statements about crime and deviance is false ?
A. the concept of ‘deviance’ is much broader than ‘crime’
B. deviance and crime very often overlap
C. the concept of deviance can be applied to individuals and groups
D. deviance is normally sanctioned by law
What is Howard Becker’s famous definition of deviance ?
A. deviant behavior is behavior that is labelled so by the law
B. deviant behavior is behavior that people so label
C. deviant behavior is that labelled by the perpetrators
D. deviant behavior is that which causes public offence
The approach to crime prevention based on increased surveillance (such as CCTV and Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target hardening (such as a car immobilizers and better home security) is known as what ?
A. the new criminology
B. broken windows theory
C. situational crime prevention
D. deviance reduction theory
Which one of the following is an example of a ‘third generation’ or true cybercrime ?
A. international drug dealing via email
B. The global trade in online pornography
C. the vandalizing of virtual environments
D. theft of goods sold via online action websites
Who first introduced the notion of anomie into sociology ?
A. comte
B. Marx
C. Weber
D. Durkheim
Which approach holds that deviance is not a feature of a group or individual but a process of interaction through which one group becomes defined as deviant ?
A. labelling theory
B. control theory
C. functionalist theory
D. conflict theory
Which policy is supported by the theory of broken windows ?
A. restorative justice
B. zero tolerance
C. target hardening
D. deterrent sentencing
___________ Of what is the failure of companies to adhere to legal regulations that apply to them an example ?
A. white-collar crime
B. corporate crime
C. victimless crime
D. organized crime
Which one of the following is a strategy for restorative justice ?
A. community service
B. imprisonment
C. electronic tagging
D. curfews
If a deviant act is ‘normalized’ it is _____?
A. recognized as breaking an important norm of behavior
B. seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise normal character
C. the first step in establishing a deviant career
D. attributed to the person’s genetic or anatomical make up
Sociologists believe that no behavior is ____?
A. Without a deal of grate variation
B. inherently deviant
C. totally in keeping with tradition
D. Without a corresponding judgment
E. Completely irrelevant
Peer approval of your actions would be a good example of ____?
A. age-specific support
B. informal social control
C. internalization of norms
D. formal social control
E. positivism
The of “who defines deviance” has principally been addressed by what sociological theory ?
A. Differential Association
B. Conflict
C. Positivism
D. Social Control
E. Functionalism
Conflict theory’s primary suggestion for reducing crime and deviance involves the ______?
A. Substantial reduction of economic inequality
B. Subordination of the agents of social control
C. redefinition of acts that are currently defined as criminal
D. amelioration of social welfare activities
E. repression of lower-class gang activities
Psychological positivism stresses the key role that _______ plays in the development of conformist of criminal belief systems?
A. pre-natal nutrition
B. hormones
C. genetic abnormalities
D. early childhood
E. adolescence
According to Strain theory, ____ are those individuals who have traditional success goals but substitute deviant means by which to achieve them ?
A. ritualists
B. ret realists
C. rebels
D. innovators
E. conformists
What sociological theory of crime and deviance emphasizes sub-cultural belief systems as a major contributor to crime ?
A. Social Control theory
B. Anomie theory
C. Lower Class Focal Value theory
D. Social Process theory
E. Strain theory
Social Control theory attempts to explain ______?
A. conformity
B. corporate crime
C. Psychologically-based crime
D. lower-class crime
E. white-collar crime
Labelling theory came into prominence during which decade of the twentieth century ?
A. 1950s
B. 1980s
C. 1940s
D. 1960s
E. 1970s
Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way to completely avoid the stigmatization process?
A. restitution
B. legalization
C. radical non-intervention
D. decriminalization
E. retribution
Which of the following is not a reason why corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute compared with individual crimes ?
A. victims may not realise that a crime has been committed
B. it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals
C. legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility
D. corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual
What is defined as ‘non-conformity to a given set or norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society ?
A. criminality
B. deviance
C. recidivism
D. degeneracy
Merton describes types of response to a situation where there are widely socially endorsed values but limited means of achieving them. Which of his types describes an acceptance of the values but willingness to use any means to achieve them?
A. Conformists
B. innovators
C. ritualists
D. retrealists
Which approach framed their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of this preservation of power by the ruling class ?
A. New Left Realism
B. Right Realism
C. new criminology
D. interactionism
Which of these is NOT an example of target hardening ?
A. anti-social behavior orders
B. Steering locks
C. burglar alrams
D. CCTV
What is the term that describes repeat offending by those who have been in prison ?
A. rehabilitation
B. deterrence
C. reform
D. recidivism
Lombroso claimed that ______?
A. criminals were socialized into an underworld of crime
B. no act is intrinsically deviant
C. biological failings drove some people into crime
D. women were less likely to be arrested than men
The term ‘secondary deviation refers to ______?
A. The punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts
B. the labelling of an act as deviant through social reaction to it
C. the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action
D. All of the above
The Mafia is an example of _____?
A. White collar crime
B. organized crime
C. none-criminal deviance
D. global terrorism
How is terrorism different from the types of crime described by the Chicago School ?
A. it is a committed on a larger, often global, scale, and is well organized
B. it is associated with political conflict between states and their citizens
C. it can have far-reaching effects upon international relations
D. all of the above
Sorokin emphasizes that the group difference is mainly affected by differences in ______?
A. biological factor
B. Physical environment
C. Culture
D. None of these
Basic personality characteristics of the individual are formed within ______?
A. family
B. Friends
C. Classroom
D. None of these
Cooley presented the idea of”looking glass self” a personality type in which self is discovered through ?
A. Persons,s own image about himself/herself
B. Reactions of others
C. Mixture of both
D. None of these
Socialization is the process through which an individual internalizes ?
A. Cultural norms
B. Social processes
C. Sense of interaction
D. None of these
Mead presented the idea that each individual is a composite of expectations one believes others hold toward one Mead named it as __?
A. looking glass self
B. Self-perception
C. generalized other
D. None of these
Freud divided self into three parts the id the superego and the _____?
A. ego
B. sub-ego
C. le
D. None of these
The conscious and rational part of the self is ____?
A. id
B. ego
C. Superego
D. None of these
Which of the following used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. Harry Harlow
Jean Piaget found that although newborns have no self in the sense of a looking glass image they are quiet ?
A. ethnocentric
B. self-centered
C. other-directed
D. deterministic
According to __________ a variety of life experiences can come to be viewed as illnesses or not?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labelling theory
The third age of the life course is said to involve?
A. active non-work and independence after retirement
B. full time employment family-building and adult responsibility
C. illness isolation and increasing dependence on others
D. the transition from education to work and distinctive youth cultures
Social constructionism studies the processes which create and sustain ?
A. social structures
B. social space
C. social reality
D. social
According to Piaget the phase at which children master abstract logical notions are able to grasp causality and can recognize false reasoning is the ?
A. sensorimotor stage
B. preoperational stage
C. concrete operational phase
D. formal operational stage
Authority generated by the personality or personal appeal of an individual is referred as ______?
A. traditional authority
B. charismatic authority
C. rational domination
D. Patrimonialism
Once formed the self is ____?
A. interactive
B. proactive
C. rigid
D. None of these
Biological inheritance physical environment culture and group experience are various factors which play a role in the development of ______?
A. Personality
B. Society
C. Community
D. None of these
We all for most of the time try to be a model personality A model personality is one that represents ?
A. All possible cultural traits
B. Most of the cultural traits
C. None of the cultural traits
D. None of these
In the middle teens the most important reference group is _______?
A. Family
B. Peer group
C. Teachers
D. None of these
The process of looking glass self consists of _____ steps?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. None of these
Wallflowers are people who came to believe early in life that they can ____?
A. make conversation
B. not make conversation
C. Sometimes they are good speakers
D. None of these